Further on, nickel products can be divided into three groups: 1. Refined nickel (class I), nickel content 99 % or more. The group includes electrolytic nickel, pellets, briquettes, granules, rondelles and powders/ flakes. 2. Charge nickel (class II), nickel content less than 99 %. The group includes ferronickel, nickel oxide sinter and utility ...

Toward this, the influences of laterite nickel ore on thermodynamic reaction, slagging and smelting reduction of extracting iron from red mud were studied. The results indicated that the product of extracting iron from red mud (R100) was changed with the addition of laterite nickel ore (R70L30).

1. Nickel and cobalt can usually be solubilized from laterites using sulphuric acid at atmospheric pressure, just below boiling point. However, this generally requires a massive quantity of acid, which can render the process uneconomic. The main reason for this is that for limonitic ores in particular, the

New Advanced Ferronickel Smelting Technology-Direct Reduction Technology. Use Laterite nickel ore to smelt ferronickel, existing technologies include pyrometallurgy process and hydrometallurgy process. The RKEF technology is a main stream of pyrometallurgy process presently, its process is, firstly the laterite nickel ore is dried by rotary ...

1. Introduction – Global nickel laterite production The world's resources of nickel are either sulphides or laterites and while almost ¾ of the world's resources of nickel are found as laterites, until 2009 less than half of the primary nickel production came from laterite sources as …

nickel either as a nickel sponge through solid state reduction or as a nickel pig by smelting route. 2. e 2.1 characterization The low grade chromite overburden sample for the present studies was collected from Sukinda chromite mines, India. Chemical analysis of chromite overburden showed iron oxide, chromite and silica in a major quantity.

• Caron reduction roast, ammonia leach. The pyrometallurgical processes examined are: • Rotary kiln calcination with electric furnace smelting; • Sintering with blast furnace smelting; • Sintering with submerged arc smelting. The two developing technologies examined are: • …

TableofContents Pyrometallurgyof NickelandCobalt2009 Foreword v Editors' Biographies vii SymposiumSession Chairs ix GENERAL ChineseNickel Industry—Projects,ProductionandTechnology 3 X.J. Guo Nickel SulfideVersusLaterite: TheHardSustainability ChallengeRemains 23 CM.Mudd Nickel LateriteRotaryKiln-Electric FurnacePlant ofthe Future 33 C. Walker, S. Kashani-Nejad,A.D.Dalvi, N. …

Highlights Ni beneficiation of laterite ore by using direct reduction process is proposed. Sodium sulfate is capable of intensifying the reduction roasting of laterite. Average particle size of ferronickel grows up to 50 μm when reduced with Na 2 SO 4. Selective enrichment of Ni can be realized by suppressing the metallization of Fe. New-born troilite (FeS) facilitates the aggregation of ...

The Past and the Future of Nickel Laterites – Mayaniquel SA. Production of nickel from laterite ores has occurred for over 100 years beginning with processing of garnieritic ….. involving drying, calcining/ reduction and electric furnace smelting. … rotary kiln and smelted in an electric furnace in the presence of carbon. …..

Example 2 - 120 kW test . A 120 kW DC-arc furnace was used for the processing of laterite calcine blends, with the objective being the study of the smelting behaviour of materials with SiO 2 /MgO ratios ranging from 1.2 to 3.0. The smelting of laterite types having a range of Fe contents from 15 to 20% was tested at the same time. A part of the test was devoted to the smelting of lateritic ...

The smelting behavior of direct reduction iron powder containing Ni and Cu from co-reduction followed by a magnetic separation of copper slag and nickel laterite was investigated in this paper. The results show that the perfect ternary alloy with 90.66% Fe, 5.24% Ni, 1.20% Cu and minor impurities can be prepared by smelting under optimum ...

Nickel 1 Sulfur dioxide 2 kg/t sulfuric acid. Table 2. Effluents from Nickel Smelting (milligrams per liter, except for pH) Parameter Maximum value pH 6–9 TSS 50 Nickel 0.5 Iron 3.5 Total metals 10. Note: Effluent requirements are for direct discharge to surface waters.

2020, DIRECT REDUCTION OF NICKEL LATERITE LIMONITIC ORE USING A COAL-DOLOMITE MIXTURE BED AND Na 2 SO 4 AS A SELECTIVE AGENT. F Abdul, S Pintowantoro, A Purnamasari, Journal of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 55 (1), 103-110; 2019, Selective Reduction of Laterite Nickel Ore, S Pintowantoro, F Abdul, MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 60 (11), 2245-2254

The present work demonstrates the extraction of nickel from low-grade chromite overburden by using solid state reduction and direct smelting route. ...

An elevated smelting temperature can not only accelerate the reduction of unreacted nickel (or iron) oxides in the pre-reduced pellets of nickel laterite, but also decrease the viscosity of molten slag and further improve the dynamic condition of metal-slag interfacial …

A new mineral processing and metallurgy technology was proposed, which was that the ferro-nickel concentrate was prepared from laterite ore by coal-based direct reduction. Under the reduction of cheap reductant and the catalysis of composite additives, the effects of coal-based direct reduction were enhanced and the ferro-nickel was extracted.

12%Stainless steel crude alloy recovery from direct smelting of low-grade chromite, nickel laterite and manganese ores was investigated. The mixed low-grade ores were directly smelted in an elevator furnace at smelting temperatures ranging from 1550 to 1600 °C. Smelting experiments were conducted in a laboratory elevator furnace equipped with 8 U-shaped high-quality …

from the reduction of chromite and laterite ores, respec-tively, are the important alloying materials in the produc-tion of stainless steel. The present study is possibly the first of its kind related to production of crude stainless steel melt by direct smelting of chromium and nickel ore without use of ferrochromium and ferronickel alloys, in

Ni output as % of total laterite Ferronickel smelting (inclNPI) 60 Matte smelting 14 Ammonia leaching 14 Acid leaching 12 2008 Figures CSA, CRU Analysis. World Nickel Production by Ore Type 30.0% 32.0% ... • Direct reduction nickel (DRN) • What are nickel …

Chromite and laterite ores from local sources were smelted in a vertical tube furnace with activated carbon as reducing agent at 1400°C to 1550°C using graphite crucible under argon atmosphere. It is shown that the grade and composition of the ore are the main factors determining the feasibility of smelting a mixture of chromite and laterite ores to produce a Fe-Ni-Cr crude alloy.

In laterite nickel processing by direct reduction, the challenges are to conduct selective reduction of nickel and to let iron unreduced. The addition of additive in the direct reduction process is needed to achieve this selective reduction. Additives used for the selective reduction includes Na 2 SO 4, MgCl 2, CaSO 4, NaCl and CaCl 2 ·H 2 O.

Several nickel smelting surveys and industry reviews were published between 1987 and 2003;3–7 the present survey covering 13 smelters presents the latest review of world laterite nickel smelters. The 13 world laterite smelters reported here total some 365,000 t/y of nickel output, representing about 30% of total world primary nickel output. A ...

Selective Reduction of Laterite Nickel Ore. Unlike sulphide nickel ore processing, laterite nickel ore processing requires higherprocessing energy through smelting.Therefore, a novel method to process laterite nickel ore using lower energy is needed. The novel method is done via direct reduction and magnetic separation.

12%In this study, a new technique was proposed for the economical and environmentally friendly recovery of valuable metals from copper smelting slag while simultaneously upgrading nickel laterite through a co-reduction followed by wet magnetic separation process. Copper slag with a high FeO content can decrease the liquidus temperature of the SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO …

mineralization and a smelting process for the clay and hydrous Mg silicate mineralization (Elias, 2002; Dalvi and others, 2004). Recently, an ore-processing technique was developed to treat the entire laterite profile. This innovation, DNi, developed by Direct Nickel, is a hydrometallurgical process capable of

Production of ferronickel from nickel laterites in a DC arc furnace . The feed materials consisted of calcined laterite dust (< 100 µm) from an industrial rotary kiln calciner (for two tests), and laterite ore fines (< 6 mm) dried at....algo-title-news{font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#1603a1;line-height:23px;text-decoration:none} A new process of smelting laterite by lowtemperature ...

Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route. Download. Related Papers. PENGOLAHAN NIKEL LATERIT SECARA PIROMETALURGI. By miu by. Metallurgical Furnaces. By Pedro Avalos Garcia. The Past and the Future of Nickel Laterites.

Abstract Laterites and other oxidized nickel ores constitute a very important part of world-wide nickel reserves. The development of nickel oxide ore smelting has drawn heavily on iron and steel metallurgy. In ferronickel production, the nickel oxide and part of the iron oxide are reduced to metal in an electric furnace to form immiscible layers of slag and metal.

Direct Reduction of Low Grade Nickel Laterite Ore to . ... Manganese ore and different amounts of copper smelting slag were reduced by bituminous …

Lu et al. studied the effect of sodium sulfate addition on the hydrogen reduction of nickel laterite ore. A low-grade Indonesian nickel laterite ore containing 1.38% Ni, 25.3% Fe, 15.0% MgO, and 19.1% SiO 2 was used in the experiments. Reagent-grade sodium sulfate was used as an additive, and H 2 reduction was conducted. In each run, 1 kg of ...

resources and high grade saprolitic laterites. • Based on currently known resources, future production will increasingly have to come from low grade limonitic and saprolitic laterites with <1.5% Ni. • Commercially applied processes for low grade laterites are: – Caron Process: reduction roast – ammonia leach)

A novel method of smelting a mixture of two types of laterite ore (saprolitic and limonitic) to prepare ferronickel has been investigated. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the melting temperature of the slag phase dropped below 1400°C with increasing FeO content, which can be regulated by adjusting the ratio of limonite and the carbon content. The experimental results also …

4 Application to Ferronickel Smelting The smelting of nickel laterite ores to produce ferronickel [5, 6] essentially involves a trade-off between recovery and grade. The greater the degree of reduction, the greater the recovery of nickel. However, as an increasing quantity of iron (and some more nickel) is reduced to the metallic state,